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-ed, -ing adjectives

 

Introduction   Adjectives are used to give additional information about nouns. There are different types of adjective and knowing about these can help when studying them. For example, some adjectives express facts about a noun, others show an opinion towards them e.g. a new film (fact) and an exciting film (opinion). A useful group of adjectives to study together is those that can end in either –ed or –ing The difference between these endings relates to whether the adjective gives information about how someone feels or about the thing which causes this feeling. Adjectives ending in –ed Have a look at these examples: Cathy started work at 6am. She's really tired now. The night before his birthday Joe was so excited that he couldn't sleep. Even though the teacher explained it a few times, everyone was still confused at the end of the lesson.   In each case the –ed adjective describes how someone feels in a situation. The –ed adjective is connected to something internal, a physical or emotional response to an experience. To give information about the experience or situation which caused these feelings we often use adjectives ending in –ing. Adjectives ending in –ing The –ed adjectives used in the examples above are all the result of a situation. These situations made the –ed feelings. In example 1, Cathy's day was tiring (so now she feels tired). In example 2, having a birthday was exciting (so Joe was excited). Finally in example 3, the teacher's explanation was confusing (so everyone in the class was confused). In each case the –ing adjective describes the cause of an –ed feeling. The –ing adjective is connected to something external which creates the –ed response. So, someone is tired / excited / confused if they find something tiring / exciting / confusing. Some of the most common adjectives ending in –ed or –ing   amazed amazing annoyed annoying astonished astonishing bored boring confused confusing depressed depressing disappointed disappointing disgusted disgusting embarrassed embarrassing excited exciting  exhausted exhausting fascinated fascinating interested interesting irritated irritating satisfied satisfying shocked shocking surprised surprising terrified terrifying tired tiring worried worrying    Remember: Just because –ed adjectives are used to describe how people feel this doesn't mean that adjectives ending in –ing are only for things, external situations and experiences. Adjectives ending in -ing can be used to describe people too:   E.g. A fascinating person makes you feel fascinated. BUT... A boring person makes you feel bored. E.g. I'm always losing my keys.